# Backup & Restore Documentation

## mockupAWS v1.0.0 - Database Disaster Recovery Guide

---

## Table of Contents

1. [Overview](#overview)
2. [Recovery Objectives](#recovery-objectives)
3. [Backup Strategy](#backup-strategy)
4. [Restore Procedures](#restore-procedures)
5. [Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](#point-in-time-recovery-pitr)
6. [Disaster Recovery Procedures](#disaster-recovery-procedures)
7. [Monitoring & Alerting](#monitoring--alerting)
8. [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)

---

## Overview

This document describes the backup, restore, and disaster recovery procedures for the mockupAWS PostgreSQL database.

### Components

- **Automated Backups**: Daily full backups via `pg_dump`
- **WAL Archiving**: Continuous archiving for Point-in-Time Recovery
- **Encryption**: AES-256 encryption for all backups
- **Storage**: S3 with cross-region replication
- **Retention**: 30 days for daily backups, 7 days for WAL archives

---

## Recovery Objectives

| Metric | Target | Description |
|--------|--------|-------------|
| **RTO** | < 1 hour | Time to restore service after failure |
| **RPO** | < 5 minutes | Maximum data loss acceptable |
| **Backup Window** | 02:00-04:00 UTC | Daily backup execution time |
| **Retention** | 30 days | Backup retention period |

---

## Backup Strategy

### Backup Types

#### 1. Full Backups (Daily)

- **Schedule**: Daily at 02:00 UTC
- **Tool**: `pg_dump` with custom format
- **Compression**: gzip level 9
- **Encryption**: AES-256-CBC
- **Retention**: 30 days

#### 2. WAL Archiving (Continuous)

- **Method**: PostgreSQL `archive_command`
- **Frequency**: Every WAL segment (16MB)
- **Storage**: S3 nearline storage
- **Retention**: 7 days

#### 3. Configuration Backups

- **Files**: `postgresql.conf`, `pg_hba.conf`
- **Schedule**: Weekly
- **Storage**: Version control + S3

### Storage Architecture

```
┌─────────────────┐     ┌─────────────────┐     ┌─────────────────┐
│  Primary Region │────▶│  S3 Standard    │────▶│  S3 Glacier     │
│  (us-east-1)    │     │  (30 days)      │     │  (long-term)    │
└─────────────────┘     └─────────────────┘     └─────────────────┘
         │
         ▼
┌─────────────────┐
│ Secondary Region│
│ (eu-west-1)     │  ← Cross-region replication for DR
└─────────────────┘
```

### Required Environment Variables

```bash
# Required
export DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/dbname"
export BACKUP_BUCKET="mockupaws-backups-prod"
export BACKUP_ENCRYPTION_KEY="your-256-bit-key-here"

# Optional
export BACKUP_REGION="us-east-1"
export BACKUP_SECONDARY_REGION="eu-west-1"
export BACKUP_SECONDARY_BUCKET="mockupaws-backups-dr"
export BACKUP_RETENTION_DAYS="30"
```

---

## Restore Procedures

### Quick Reference

| Scenario | Command | ETA |
|----------|---------|-----|
| Latest full backup | `./scripts/restore.sh latest` | 15-30 min |
| Specific backup | `./scripts/restore.sh s3://bucket/path` | 15-30 min |
| Point-in-Time | `./scripts/restore.sh latest --target-time "..."` | 30-60 min |
| Verify only | `./scripts/restore.sh <file> --verify-only` | 5-10 min |

### Step-by-Step Restore

#### 1. Pre-Restore Checklist

- [ ] Identify target database (should be empty or disposable)
- [ ] Ensure sufficient disk space (2x database size)
- [ ] Verify backup integrity: `./scripts/restore.sh <backup> --verify-only`
- [ ] Notify team about maintenance window
- [ ] Document current database state

#### 2. Full Restore from Latest Backup

```bash
# Set environment variables
export DATABASE_URL="postgresql://postgres:password@localhost:5432/mockupaws"
export BACKUP_ENCRYPTION_KEY="your-encryption-key"
export BACKUP_BUCKET="mockupaws-backups-prod"

# Perform restore
./scripts/restore.sh latest
```

#### 3. Restore from Specific Backup

```bash
# From S3
./scripts/restore.sh s3://mockupaws-backups-prod/backups/full/20260407/backup.enc

# From local file
./scripts/restore.sh /path/to/backup/mockupaws_full_20260407_120000.sql.gz.enc
```

#### 4. Post-Restore Verification

```bash
# Check database connectivity
psql $DATABASE_URL -c "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM scenarios;"

# Verify key tables
psql $DATABASE_URL -c "\dt"

# Check recent data
psql $DATABASE_URL -c "SELECT MAX(created_at) FROM scenario_logs;"
```

---

## Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)

### Prerequisites

1. **Base Backup**: Full backup from before target time
2. **WAL Archives**: All WAL segments from backup time to target time
3. **Configuration**: PostgreSQL configured for archiving

### PostgreSQL Configuration

Add to `postgresql.conf`:

```ini
# WAL Archiving
wal_level = replica
archive_mode = on
archive_command = 'aws s3 cp %p s3://mockupaws-wal-archive/wal/%f'
archive_timeout = 60

# Recovery settings (applied during restore)
recovery_target_time = '2026-04-07 14:30:00 UTC'
recovery_target_action = promote
```

### PITR Procedure

```bash
# Restore to specific point in time
./scripts/restore.sh latest --target-time "2026-04-07 14:30:00"
```

### Manual PITR (Advanced)

```bash
# 1. Stop PostgreSQL
sudo systemctl stop postgresql

# 2. Clear data directory
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/postgresql/data/*

# 3. Restore base backup
pg_basebackup -h primary -D /var/lib/postgresql/data -Fp -Xs -P

# 4. Create recovery signal
touch /var/lib/postgresql/data/recovery.signal

# 5. Configure recovery
cat >> /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql.conf <<EOF
restore_command = 'aws s3 cp s3://mockupaws-wal-archive/wal/%f %p'
recovery_target_time = '2026-04-07 14:30:00 UTC'
recovery_target_action = promote
EOF

# 6. Start PostgreSQL
sudo systemctl start postgresql

# 7. Monitor recovery
psql -c "SELECT pg_last_wal_receive_lsn(), pg_last_wal_replay_lsn(), pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp();"
```

---

## Disaster Recovery Procedures

### DR Scenarios

#### Scenario 1: Database Corruption

```bash
# 1. Isolate corrupted database
psql -c "SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname = 'mockupaws';"

# 2. Restore from latest backup
./scripts/restore.sh latest

# 3. Verify data integrity
./scripts/verify-data.sh

# 4. Resume application traffic
```

#### Scenario 2: Complete Region Failure

```bash
# 1. Activate DR region
export BACKUP_BUCKET="mockupaws-backups-dr"
export AWS_REGION="eu-west-1"

# 2. Restore to DR database
./scripts/restore.sh latest

# 3. Update DNS/application configuration
# Point to DR region database endpoint

# 4. Verify application functionality
```

#### Scenario 3: Accidental Data Deletion

```bash
# 1. Identify deletion timestamp (from logs)
DELETION_TIME="2026-04-07 15:23:00"

# 2. Restore to point just before deletion
./scripts/restore.sh latest --target-time "$DELETION_TIME"

# 3. Export missing data
pg_dump --data-only --table=deleted_table > missing_data.sql

# 4. Restore to current and import missing data
```

### DR Testing Schedule

| Test Type | Frequency | Responsible |
|-----------|-----------|-------------|
| Backup verification | Daily | Automated |
| Restore test (dev) | Weekly | DevOps |
| Full DR drill | Monthly | SRE Team |
| Cross-region failover | Quarterly | Platform Team |

---

## Monitoring & Alerting

### Backup Monitoring

```sql
-- Check backup history
SELECT 
    backup_type,
    created_at,
    status,
    EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (NOW() - created_at))/3600 as hours_since_backup
FROM backup_history 
ORDER BY created_at DESC 
LIMIT 10;
```

### Prometheus Alerts

```yaml
# backup-alerts.yml
groups:
  - name: backup_alerts
    rules:
      - alert: BackupNotRun
        expr: time() - max(backup_last_success_timestamp) > 90000
        for: 1h
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "Database backup has not run in 25 hours"
          
      - alert: BackupFailed
        expr: increase(backup_failures_total[1h]) > 0
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "Database backup failed"
          
      - alert: LowBackupStorage
        expr: s3_bucket_free_bytes / s3_bucket_total_bytes < 0.1
        for: 1h
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "Backup storage capacity < 10%"
```

### Health Checks

```bash
# Check backup status
curl -f http://localhost:8000/health/backup || echo "Backup check failed"

# Check WAL archiving
psql -c "SELECT archived_count, failed_count FROM pg_stat_archiver;"

# Check replication lag (if applicable)
psql -c "SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp())) AS lag_seconds;"
```

---

## Troubleshooting

### Common Issues

#### Issue: Backup fails with "disk full"

```bash
# Check disk space
df -h

# Clean old backups
./scripts/backup.sh cleanup

# Or manually remove old local backups
find /path/to/backups -mtime +7 -delete
```

#### Issue: Decryption fails

```bash
# Verify encryption key matches
export BACKUP_ENCRYPTION_KEY="correct-key"

# Test decryption
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -pbkdf2 -in backup.enc -out backup.sql -pass pass:"$BACKUP_ENCRYPTION_KEY"
```

#### Issue: Restore fails with "database in use"

```bash
# Terminate connections
psql -c "SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname = 'mockupaws' AND pid <> pg_backend_pid();"

# Retry restore
./scripts/restore.sh latest
```

#### Issue: S3 upload fails

```bash
# Check AWS credentials
aws sts get-caller-identity

# Test S3 access
aws s3 ls s3://$BACKUP_BUCKET/

# Check bucket permissions
aws s3api get-bucket-acl --bucket $BACKUP_BUCKET
```

### Log Files

| Log File | Purpose |
|----------|---------|
| `storage/logs/backup_*.log` | Backup execution logs |
| `storage/logs/restore_*.log` | Restore execution logs |
| `/var/log/postgresql/*.log` | PostgreSQL server logs |

### Getting Help

1. Check this documentation
2. Review logs in `storage/logs/`
3. Contact: #database-ops Slack channel
4. Escalate to: on-call SRE (PagerDuty)

---

## Appendix

### A. Backup Retention Policy

| Backup Type | Retention | Storage Class |
|-------------|-----------|---------------|
| Daily Full | 30 days | S3 Standard-IA |
| Weekly Full | 12 weeks | S3 Standard-IA |
| Monthly Full | 12 months | S3 Glacier |
| Yearly Full | 7 years | S3 Glacier Deep Archive |
| WAL Archives | 7 days | S3 Standard |

### B. Backup Encryption

```bash
# Generate encryption key
openssl rand -base64 32

# Store in secrets manager
aws secretsmanager create-secret \
  --name mockupaws/backup-encryption-key \
  --secret-string "$(openssl rand -base64 32)"
```

### C. Cron Configuration

```bash
# /etc/cron.d/mockupaws-backup
# Daily full backup at 02:00 UTC
0 2 * * * root /opt/mockupaws/scripts/backup.sh full >> /var/log/mockupaws/backup.log 2>&1

# Hourly WAL archive
0 * * * * root /opt/mockupaws/scripts/backup.sh wal >> /var/log/mockupaws/wal.log 2>&1

# Daily cleanup
0 4 * * * root /opt/mockupaws/scripts/backup.sh cleanup >> /var/log/mockupaws/cleanup.log 2>&1
```

---

## Document History

| Version | Date | Author | Changes |
|---------|------|--------|---------|
| 1.0.0 | 2026-04-07 | DB Team | Initial release |

---

*For questions or updates to this document, contact the Database Engineering team.*